seo-geo

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Optimize content for AI Overviews (formerly SGE), ChatGPT web search, Perplexity, and other AI-powered search experiences. Generative Engine Optimization (GEO) analysis including brand mention signals, AI crawler accessibility, llms.txt compliance, passage-level citability scoring, and platform-specific optimization. Use when user says "AI Overviews", "SGE", "GEO", "AI search", "LLM optimization", "Perplexity", "AI citations", "ChatGPT search", or "AI visibility".

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MIT License - see repository root LICENSE file for complete terms.

Copyright (c) 2026 AgriciDaniel
https://github.com/AgriciDaniel/claude-seo

# Google AI Optimization Guide — primary-source synthesis (June 2026)

Google published a dedicated **AI optimization guide** under Search Central
docs (under the new "Generative AI fundamentals" section; announced via the
Search Central blog 2026-05-15, doc last updated 2026-06-29). Its position is
the most-cited primary source for how AI Overviews and AI Mode interact with
Search ranking. Every claude-seo audit that touches GEO should treat this doc
as the canonical reference and reject community claims that contradict it.

**Primary source:**
https://developers.google.com/search/docs/fundamentals/ai-optimization-guide
(announcing blog: https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2026/05/a-new-resource-for-optimizing)

> **Companion doc — third-party SEO tools (2026-06-05):** Google published
> "Using third-party SEO tools, services, and advice." No tool guarantees
> rankings; third-party tools have **no access to Google's internal ranking
> data**; Google does not endorse vendors; evaluate AEO/GEO claims against
> official guidance; Search Console is the authoritative first-party source.
> claude-seo's scores are heuristics, not Google-internal signals — state this
> honestly in reports. Source:
> https://developers.google.com/search/docs/fundamentals/third-party-seo

## TL;DR

> "Optimizing for generative AI search is **still SEO** from Google's
> perspective. AEO and GEO are rebranded labels for the same work."
> — Google, AI optimization guide

AI Overviews and AI Mode are grounded in the same ranking and quality systems
as classic Search. Two AI techniques layer on top:

1. **RAG / grounding** — retrieves indexed pages, generates a response with
   clickable source links.
2. **Query fan-out** — issues multiple related sub-queries and pulls in
   additional results before answering.

**Eligibility floor:** a page must be **indexed and eligible to be shown with
a snippet in Google Search** to appear in any AI feature. There is no separate
"AI index". Everything that follows is SEO fundamentals applied through this
lens.

## The myth-busting section (most important)

Google explicitly says you **do NOT need to**:

| Claim Google rejects | Source |
|---|---|
| Create `llms.txt` or AI-specific markup files | AI optimization guide §"Myths" |
| "Chunk" your content into small pieces for AI | Same |
| Rewrite content for AI with specific phrasings or long-tail keyword variations | Same |
| Chase inauthentic mentions across blogs / forums / videos | Same |
| Over-invest in structured data specifically for AI features | Same |

What **does** matter, per Google: unique, non-commodity, first-hand content.
Their example contrasts "7 Tips for First-Time Homebuyers" (commodity) with
"Why We Waived the Inspection & Saved Money: A Look Inside the Sewer Line"
(lived experience).

> **Cross-reference:** the llms.txt myth is independently confirmed by
> [[llmstxt-evidence]] (Mueller, Illyes, SE Ranking 300k-domain study,
> OtterlyAI server-log audit). Both files must stay aligned.

## The "creating helpful content" companion guide

The AI optimization guide links to Google's E-E-A-T guidance:

**Primary source:**
https://developers.google.com/search/docs/fundamentals/creating-helpful-content

Key actionable test — **Who / How / Why**:

- **Who** created it — bylines expected where readers expect them; author
  background pages required for YMYL.
- **How** it was created — especially for AI-assisted content; disclose
  process where readers would reasonably ask.
- **Why** it exists — "to help people," not "to attract search clicks."

YMYL ("Your Money or Your Life") topics get extra weight: health, finance,
safety. Sept 2025 QRG expanded YMYL to include political / social topics.

Google's listed warning signs to self-audit against:

- Writing to a target word count (there isn't one)
- Entering niches with no expertise just for traffic
- Faking publication-date freshness
- Mass content churn for "freshness" signals

## AI content policy

**Primary source:**
https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2023/02/google-search-and-ai-content
(plus the Search Essentials spam policies)

Generative AI content is fine if it meets Search Essentials. It crosses into
spam when used to **scale low-value pages** (QRG §4.6.5 scaled content abuse,
§4.6.6 low-effort main content).

Two operational requirements with concrete enforcement surfaces:

1. **Merchant Center — AI-generated product images:** must carry IPTC
   `DigitalSourceType: TrainedAlgorithmicMedia` metadata. See
   `skills/seo-images/SKILL.md` for the audit + injection pattern.
2. **AI-generated product titles and descriptions:** must be separately
   specified and labeled as AI-generated in the merchant feed.

## Forward-looking: agent-friendly pages and WebMCP

The AI optimization guide pivots near the end to **AI agents** — not just
summarizers. Agents interact with sites through three channels: screenshots
plus a vision model, raw HTML/DOM, and the browser accessibility tree.

Full audit criteria: `skills/seo-technical/references/agent-friendly-pages.md`.

The guide also covers **WebMCP** (proposed standard for direct site to agent
interaction. Chrome 149 origin-trial and 2026-06-09 sign-up claims are
unresolved, with three shipped Lighthouse audits) and **UCP** (Universal
Commerce Protocol, open standard co-developed with Shopify, Etsy, Wayfair,
Target, Walmart; Google-confirmed reference implementation in AI Mode in
Search; ucp.dev lists 2026-04-08 as the latest date-based release, non-Google
and hedged). UCP audit criteria:
`skills/seo-ecommerce/references/ucp-universal-commerce-protocol.md`.

## How claude-seo treats this guide

1. `seo-geo` audits cite this URL as the authoritative source whenever the
   user asks about AEO/GEO frameworks.
2. The myth-busting list above gates community-sourced AI-SEO recommendations
   — if a recommendation contradicts Google's stated position, flag it.
3. Where a third-party claim and Google contradict, claude-seo defers to
   Google and notes the contradiction explicitly.
4. `seo-ecommerce` and `seo-images` enforce the two operational requirements
   above for sites using AI to generate product content.

## Last verified

2026-06-21. Re-check the source doc each quarter. Update this file whenever:

- Google publishes new myth-busting / clarification.
- Any of the linked policy docs revise eligibility or enforcement language.
- The UCP / WebMCP standards advance (UCP has ucp.dev-listed date-based spec
  2026-04-08, non-Google and hedged; WebMCP Chrome 149 origin-trial status is
  unresolved).

# `/llms.txt` — evidence-based reframe (June 2026)

## TL;DR

`/llms.txt` is **not currently consumed by any major AI search system**, and
**Google now states in its own docs that Google Search ignores it**. Generate
one anyway as low-cost optionality for non-Google AI services, but never present
it as a Google ranking or citation lever in any claude-seo report.

## Primary-source evidence

| Source | Date | What they said |
|---|---|---|
| **Google AI optimization guide** (docs) | 2026-06-29 | You don't need llms.txt/AI-text files for Google Search (incl. generative AI features); doing so "won't harm (nor help) your visibility or rankings in Google Search, **as Google Search ignores them**." |
| **John Mueller** (Google) | 2026 | Called the llms.txt discovery/differentiation use case "a dead end." |
| **John Mueller** (Google) — Reddit + Bluesky | 2025 | "No AI system currently uses llms.txt." Compared the file to deprecated meta keywords. |
| **Gary Illyes** (Google) — Search Central Live | July 2025 | Google has no plans to support llms.txt. |
| **SE Ranking** — 300k-domain study | November 2025 | Among the 50 most AI-cited domains, **only one** had an `/llms.txt`. |
| **OtterlyAI** — server-log audit | 2025 | **0.1%** of AI-bot traffic targets `/llms.txt` (84 of 62,100 requests). |
| **Anthropic, Stripe, Cloudflare, NVIDIA** — published files | 2024–2025 | All publish `llms.txt`. **None** have stated their crawlers consume third-party `llms.txt` files. |

## Where it does matter

`llms.txt` is increasingly consumed by **AI coding agents** (Cursor,
Continue, Cline, Claude Code) when loading per-library documentation.
Mintlify auto-generates `/llms.txt` and `/llms-full.txt` for thousands
of developer-docs sites. For a developer-tooling site, publishing
`llms.txt` is a net win — it helps agents quote the docs accurately.

For a non-developer business site, the value is purely defensive: zero
cost, possible future-optionality if a major AI provider eventually
adopts it.

## How claude-seo treats `llms.txt`

- `seo-geo` audits **report presence** of `/llms.txt` and `/llms-full.txt`.
- The audit notes whether the file is well-formed (Mintlify-style markdown).
- The audit explicitly does **not** assign citation-ranking weight to it.
- If the user asks to generate one, claude-seo produces a minimal valid
  example and a banner stating "Google Search ignores llms.txt (Google docs,
  2026-06-29); no major LLM provider has confirmed consumption; ship for
  non-Google optionality, not for citation".

## When this guidance changes

Update this file (and the seo-geo audit copy) when:

- Any major AI search system (Google AI Overviews, ChatGPT Search,
  Perplexity, Bing Copilot) publishes documentation confirming
  `llms.txt` consumption.
- OtterlyAI or SE Ranking publish a follow-up study showing a measurable
  inflection in `/llms.txt` request rate.
- John Mueller / Gary Illyes / equivalent retract their 2025 statements.

Last verified: 2026-06-21.

---
name: seo-geo
description: >
  Optimize content for AI Overviews (formerly SGE), ChatGPT web search,
  Perplexity, and other AI-powered search experiences. Generative Engine
  Optimization (GEO) analysis including brand mention signals, AI crawler
  accessibility, llms.txt compliance, passage-level citability scoring, and
  platform-specific optimization. Use when user says "AI Overviews", "SGE",
  "GEO", "AI search", "LLM optimization", "Perplexity", "AI citations",
  "ChatGPT search", or "AI visibility".
user-invocable: true
argument-hint: "[url]"
license: MIT
metadata:
  author: AgriciDaniel
  version: "2.2.5"
  category: seo
---

# AI Search / GEO Optimization (May 2026)

## Primary Source: Google's AI Optimization Guide

Google's official position, published under Search Central docs:

> "Optimizing for generative AI search is **still SEO** from Google's
> perspective. AEO and GEO are rebranded labels for the same work."

Read `references/google-ai-optimization-guide.md` for the full synthesis,
myth-busting list (`llms.txt`, chunking, AI-rephrasing, mention-farming,
all rejected by Google as ineffective), and the Who/How/Why test for
content quality.

Audits should frame GEO findings as **SEO fundamentals applied to AI-search
surfaces**, not as a separate optimization discipline. When community
recommendations contradict Google's primary source, defer to Google and note
the contradiction in the report.

## Key Statistics

| Metric | Value | Source |
|--------|-------|--------|
| AI Overviews reach | 2.5 billion+ monthly active users, reported from Google I/O 2026 keynote coverage; not confirmed on a Google-owned source; 200+ countries | Third-party I/O reporting |
| AI Overviews query coverage | ~50% of queries (third-party measurement; varies by country) | Industry data |
| AI Mode monthly users | 1B+, reported from Google I/O 2026 keynote coverage; not confirmed on a Google-owned source | Third-party I/O reporting |
| AI Mode model | custom version of Gemini 2.5 | Google |
| AI-referred sessions growth | 527% (Jan-May 2025) | SparkToro |
| ChatGPT weekly active users | 900 million | OpenAI |
| Perplexity monthly queries | 500+ million | Perplexity |

## Critical Insight: Brand Mentions > Backlinks

**Brand mentions correlate 3x more strongly with AI visibility than backlinks.**
(Ahrefs December 2025 study of 75,000 brands)

| Signal | Correlation with AI Citations |
|--------|------------------------------|
| YouTube mentions | ~0.737 (strongest) |
| Reddit mentions | High |
| Wikipedia presence | High |
| LinkedIn presence | Moderate |
| Domain Rating (backlinks) | ~0.266 (weak) |

**Only 11% of domains** are cited by both ChatGPT and Google AI Overviews for the same query, so platform-specific optimization is essential.

---

## GEO Analysis Criteria (Updated)

### 1. Citability Score (25%)

**Optimal passage length: 134-167 words** for AI citation. And **~44% of AI
citations come from the first 30% of a page** (SE Ranking study), front-load
your most citable, self-contained answer rather than burying it below the fold.

**Strong signals:**
- Clear, quotable sentences with specific facts/statistics
- Self-contained answer blocks (can be extracted without context)
- Direct answer in first 40-60 words of section
- Claims attributed with specific sources
- Definitions following "X is..." or "X refers to..." patterns
- Unique data points not found elsewhere

**Weak signals:**
- Vague, general statements
- Opinion without evidence
- Buried conclusions
- No specific data points

### 2. Structural Readability (20%)

**92% of AI Overview citations come from top-10 ranking pages**, but 47% come from pages ranking below position 5, demonstrating different selection logic.

**Strong signals:**
- Clean H1->H2->H3 heading hierarchy
- Question-based headings (matches query patterns)
- Short paragraphs (2-4 sentences)
- Tables for comparative data
- Ordered/unordered lists for step-by-step or multi-item content
- FAQ sections with clear Q&A format

**Weak signals:**
- Wall of text with no structure
- Inconsistent heading hierarchy
- No lists or tables
- Information buried in paragraphs

### 3. Multi-Modal Content (15%)

Content with multi-modal elements sees **156% higher selection rates**.

**Check for:**
- Text + relevant images
- Video content (embedded or linked)
- Infographics and charts
- Interactive elements (calculators, tools)
- Structured data supporting media

### 4. Authority & Brand Signals (20%)

**Strong signals:**
- Author byline with credentials
- Publication date and last-updated date
- **Recency**, content under 3 months old is ~3x more likely to be cited in AI answers; pages left stale 6+ months lose citation eligibility (SE Ranking, 1.3M-citation study). A scheduled refresh program is one of the highest-leverage GEO plays.
- Citations to primary sources (studies, official docs, data)
- Organization credentials and affiliations
- Expert quotes with attribution
- Entity presence in Wikipedia, Wikidata
- Mentions on Reddit, YouTube, LinkedIn

**Weak signals:**
- Anonymous authorship
- No dates
- No sources cited
- No brand presence across platforms

### 5. Technical Accessibility (20%)

**AI crawlers do NOT execute JavaScript.** Server-side rendering is critical.

**Check for:**
- Server-side rendering (SSR) vs client-only content
- AI crawler access in robots.txt
- llms.txt file presence and configuration
- RSL 1.0 licensing terms

---

## AI Crawler Detection

Check `robots.txt` for these AI crawlers:

| Crawler | Owner | Purpose | Obeys robots.txt? |
|---------|-------|---------|---|
| GPTBot | OpenAI | ChatGPT web search | yes |
| OAI-SearchBot | OpenAI | OpenAI search features | yes |
| ChatGPT-User | OpenAI | ChatGPT browsing (user-triggered) | no (user-triggered) |
| ClaudeBot | Anthropic | Claude web features | yes |
| PerplexityBot | Perplexity | Perplexity AI search | yes |
| CCBot | Common Crawl | Training data (often blocked) | yes |
| anthropic-ai | Anthropic | Claude training | yes |
| Bytespider | ByteDance | TikTok/Douyin AI | yes |
| cohere-ai | Cohere | Cohere models | yes |
| Google-Extended | Google | Gemini/Vertex training & grounding opt-out | yes |
| Google-CloudVertexBot | Google | Site-owner-requested Vertex AI Agent crawls | yes |
| Google-Agent | Google | Agentic browsing (Project Mariner), acts for a user | **no (user-triggered)** |
| Google-NotebookLM | Google | Fetches individual user-added source URLs | **no (user-triggered)** |
| Google Messages | Google | User-triggered fetch | **no (user-triggered)** |

**Recommendation:** Allow GPTBot, OAI-SearchBot, ClaudeBot, PerplexityBot for AI search visibility. Block CCBot and training crawlers if desired.

> **User-triggered fetchers ignore robots.txt by design** (Google-Agent, Google-NotebookLM, Google Messages, ChatGPT-User). robots.txt cannot block them, use server-side access controls. Google's canonical crawling/robots reference moved to **developers.google.com/crawling** (migrated 2025-11-20); IP-range files now live at `/crawling/ipranges/` and `googlebot.json` was renamed `common-crawlers.json`. Emerging: **Web Bot Auth** (RFC 9421) lets bots authenticate via a `Signature-Agent` header + key directory (used by Google-Agent); reverse-DNS verification remains the fallback.

---

## llms.txt Standard

Read `references/llmstxt-evidence.md` for the primary-source evidence (Mueller, Illyes, SE Ranking 300k-domain study, OtterlyAI server-log audit) on why `/llms.txt` is not currently a citation lever for major AI search systems. claude-seo reports presence but assigns no citation-ranking weight.

> **Google now states this explicitly.** Google's AI optimization guide, introduced
> 2026-05-15 and clarified 2026-06-15, says `llms.txt` and other AI-text files are
> not needed for Google Search and do not help or hurt visibility or rankings.
> They may still serve non-Google systems. Never recommend `llms.txt` as a Google
> ranking or citation lever. Source:
> developers.google.com/search/docs/fundamentals/ai-optimization-guide

The emerging **llms.txt** standard provides AI crawlers with structured content guidance.

**Location:** `/llms.txt` (root of domain)

**Format:**
```
# Title of site
> Brief description

## Main sections
- [Page title](url): Description
- [Another page](url): Description

## Optional: Key facts
- Fact 1
- Fact 2
```

**Check for:**
- Presence of `/llms.txt`
- Structured content guidance
- Key page highlights
- Contact/authority information

---

## RSL 1.0 (Really Simple Licensing)

New standard (December 2025) for machine-readable AI licensing terms.

**Backed by:** Reddit, Yahoo, Medium, Quora, Cloudflare, Akamai, Creative Commons

**Check for:** RSL implementation and appropriate licensing terms.

---

## Platform-Specific Optimization

| Platform | Key Citation Sources | Optimization Focus |
|----------|---------------------|-------------------|
| **Google AI Overviews** | Strongly ranking-correlated, cites pages that already rank well | Traditional SEO + passage optimization |
| **Google AI Mode** (custom version of Gemini 2.5) | Weakly ranking-correlated; broader pool (~9 domains cited/query, Ahrefs) | Distinct surface: freshness, entity authority, citable passages beyond position 5 |
| **ChatGPT** | Wikipedia (47.9%), Reddit (11.3%) | Entity presence, authoritative sources |
| **Perplexity** | Reddit (46.7%), Wikipedia | Community validation, discussions |
| **Bing Copilot** | Bing index, authoritative sites | Bing SEO, IndexNow |

> **Two Google citation engines, not one.** AI Mode and AI Overviews reach the
> same conclusion ~86% of the time but cite the same URLs only **13.7%** of the
> time (Ahrefs study, 540K query pairs). Treat them as separate surfaces: ranking
> well in classic Search feeds AI Overviews, but AI Mode draws from a broader pool
> where freshness and entity authority outweigh raw position. Score both.
>
> **UX is now unified, surfaces still distinct.** At Google I/O 2026 (2026-05-19)
> Google merged AI Overviews and AI Mode into "one seamless AI Search experience"
> (question → AI Overview → follow-up in AI Mode) with a new intelligent Search
> box. The *experience* is one flow, but the two citation engines remain
> technically distinct (different models/link sets), keep scoring both.

### Citation surfaces & controls in AI Search (2026)

Google added many AI citation/source surfaces across AI Overviews **and** AI Mode (May 2026):

- **Preferred Sources**, an eligible domain or subdomain can be selected by a
  user, making its content more likely to appear in that user's Top Stories and
  eligible for a preferred badge in AI Mode or AI Overviews. This is a
  **per-user preference**, not a documented general ranking signal. Publishers
  may offer Google's interactive button or a deeplink, but should not promise a
  site-wide ranking lift. Source:
  developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/preferred-sources
- **"Highly Cited" badges**, earned via original primary reporting that other articles cite.
- **Community Perspectives**, elevates Reddit/forum/firsthand content.
- Inline links, desktop hover **Link Previews**, and prominent link carousels.

**Controlling AI-feature appearance:** there is **no AI-specific opt-out file**. Appearance in AI Overviews and AI Mode is governed by standard preview/index directives, `nosnippet`, `data-nosnippet`, `max-snippet`, `noindex` (distinct from the third-party AI-crawler robots controls above). Source: developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/ai-features

**Search agents (live, not just WebMCP):** Google's "Information Agents" run in the background to monitor topics, plus agentic booking/calling for select categories (rolling out to US users, summer 2026), so agent-friendly-page optimization (real interactive elements, accessibility tree, layout stability) now matters for actions, not only citations.

---

## Output

Generate `GEO-ANALYSIS.md` with:

1. **GEO Readiness Score: XX/100**
2. **Platform breakdown** (Google AIO, ChatGPT, Perplexity scores)
3. **AI Crawler Access Status** (which crawlers allowed/blocked)
4. **llms.txt Status** (present, missing, recommendations)
5. **Brand Mention Analysis** (presence on Wikipedia, Reddit, YouTube, LinkedIn)
6. **Passage-Level Citability** (optimal 134-167 word blocks identified)
7. **Server-Side Rendering Check** (JavaScript dependency analysis)
8. **Top 5 Highest-Impact Changes**
9. **Schema Recommendations** (for AI discoverability)
10. **Content Reformatting Suggestions** (specific passages to rewrite)

---

## Quick Wins

1. Add "What is [topic]?" definition in first 60 words
2. Create 134-167 word self-contained answer blocks
3. Add question-based H2/H3 headings
4. Include specific statistics with sources
5. Add publication/update dates
6. Implement Person schema for authors
7. Allow key AI crawlers in robots.txt

## Medium Effort

1. Create `/llms.txt` file (optional: ignored by Google Search; may help other AI crawlers)
2. Add author bio with credentials + Wikipedia/LinkedIn links
3. Ensure server-side rendering for key content
4. Build entity presence on Reddit, YouTube
5. Add comparison tables with data
6. Implement FAQ sections (structured, not schema for commercial sites)

## High Impact

1. Create original research/surveys (unique citability)
2. Build Wikipedia presence for brand/key people
3. Establish YouTube channel with content mentions
4. Implement comprehensive entity linking (sameAs across platforms)
5. Develop unique tools or calculators

## DataForSEO Integration (Optional)

If DataForSEO MCP tools are available, use `ai_optimization_chat_gpt_scraper` to check what ChatGPT web search returns for target queries (real GEO visibility check) and `ai_opt_llm_ment_search` with `ai_opt_llm_ment_top_domains` for LLM mention tracking across AI platforms.

## Error Handling

| Scenario | Action |
|----------|--------|
| URL unreachable (DNS failure, connection refused) | Report the error clearly. Do not guess site content. Suggest the user verify the URL and try again. |
| AI crawlers blocked by robots.txt | Report exactly which crawlers are blocked and which are allowed. Provide specific robots.txt directives to add for enabling AI search visibility. |
| No llms.txt found | Note the absence (optional file; Google Search ignores it) and provide a ready-to-use llms.txt template for non-Google AI crawlers. |
| No structured data detected | Report the gap and provide specific schema recommendations (Article, Organization, Person) for improving AI discoverability. |

## FLOW Framework Integration

For prompt-guided AI content optimization, use `/seo flow optimize <url>`, FLOW's 21 optimize-stage prompts complement GEO's citability and structure analysis with evidence-led AI prompts.